HESI Registered Nurse EXIT Practice Exam

What is the primary nursing diagnosis for a client with congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema?

1. Pain

2. Impaired gas exchange

3. Cardiac output altered: decreased

4. Fluid volume excess

The correct answer is: Cardiac output altered: decreased

In the context of a client with congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema, the primary nursing diagnosis is related to the alteration of cardiac output. Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart is unable to pump effectively, leading to inadequate perfusion of body tissues. This poor pumping capability directly correlates to decreased cardiac output, which is a critical concern for these patients. When a patient's heart function is compromised, it can result in various physiological changes, including fluid accumulation due to backup pressure in the venous system. This can lead to pulmonary edema, where excess fluid accumulates in the lungs, making it difficult for the patient to breathe. Although pulmonary edema is certainly a significant complication of CHF and may affect gas exchange, the primary concern that encapsulates the overall pathophysiological derangement is the decreased cardiac output. By identifying decreased cardiac output as the primary nursing diagnosis, the focus of care can be directed toward improving heart function, managing symptoms, and preventing further complications. Managing fluid volume excess, which is also a consequence of CHF, is important, yet it is secondary to addressing the root of the issue, which is the heart's inability to pump effectively. This understanding allows for targeted interventions to optimize the patient's condition.